Reference: (1) Jean-Louis Guant, Rosa-Maria Guant-Rodriguez, and David H Alpers (2022) Vitamin B12 absorption and malabsorption Vitamins and Hormones, 2022, Volume 119, Pages 241-274
Factors that accelerate expiration Temperature fluctuations: Repeated freeze-thaw cycles very damaging Each thaw = period of degradation One freeze-thaw: Minor impact Multiple cycles: Significant loss of potency Keep frozen continuously until ready to reconstitute Light exposure: UV and visible light degrade peptides Some peptides more photosensitive (GHK-Cu) Amber vials protect partially Keep vials in boxes or dark storage Air exposure: Oxygen causes oxidation Minimize time vial is open Don't store without cap Use quickly after reconstitution Moisture exposure (for powder): Even atmospheric humidity can start degradation Keep in sealed vials always Don't open unnecessarily Store in dry environment Contamination: Non-sterile technique introduces bacteria Bacterial enzymes destroy peptides rapidly Always use alcohol wipes Never touch rubber stopper Use bacteriostatic water to inhibit growth pH extremes: Some peptides unstable at wrong pH Reconstitute with appropriate solution Bacteriostatic water usually optimal (slightly acidic) Don't mix with other substances without knowledge Shelf life before reconstitution (lyophilized powder) How long dry peptides last in different conditions
doi: 10.1124/mol.64.6.1295
THF plays an important role in DNA synthesis, so reduced availability of THF results in ineffective production of cells with rapid turnover, in particular red blood cells, and also intestinal wall cells which are responsible for absorption
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In addition to this the presence of antibodies which cross-react with host dsDNA and antigens of the gut commensal Ruminococcus gnavus in SLE patients further implies that microbial translocation contributes to disease development and/or progression (Azzouz et al
