Abbreviation PI Paralytic ileus T2D Type 2 diabetes GLP-1RAs Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists MR Mendelian randomization GWAS Genome-wide association studies SGLT-2 Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 HbA1c hemoglobin A1C GTEx Genotype-Tissue Expression IVW Inverse-variance weighted GRCh37 Genome Reference Consortium Human Build 37 Chr Chromosome EA Effect Allele NEA Non-Effect Allele NES Normalized Effect Size SE Standard Error OR Odds ratio LD Linkage Disequilibrium Footnotes Declarations The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest
These multi-target effects could potentially enhance therapeutic profiles compared to GLP-1 receptor agonists like semaglutide, and may differentially influence specific outcomes, such as alcohol intake and weight loss
10,11 California's spending on the three drugs approved for the weight loss indication increased fourfold from early 2024 to mid 2025, as outlined in Figure 2
Obesity affects more than 40% of U.S
Although RAAS inhibitors slows estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline and reduces the relative risk of kidney failure by approximately 20%, substantial residual risk remains [9]
All medications are prescribed based on an individual clinical evaluation by a licensed medical provider
